Elementor Header #8

3. Инструкции (Statements)

Инструкции (statements) в JavaScript — это основные строительные блоки программы. Инструкции выполняют определенные действия, такие как объявление переменных, выполнение циклов или вызов функций. Каждая инструкция в JavaScript заканчивается точкой с запятой (;), хотя в некоторых случаях она может быть опущена.

Основные типы инструкций

  1. Объявление переменных
  2. Присваивание значений
  3. Условные операторы
  4. Циклы
  5. Функции
  6. Выражения
Объявление переменных

Инструкция для объявления переменной использует ключевые слова var, let или const.

				
					let message; // Объявление переменной message
const PI = 3.14; // Объявление константы PI
var count; // Объявление переменной count (устаревший способ)

				
			
Присваивание значений

Инструкция для присваивания значения переменной использует оператор =.

				
					let message = "Привет, Мир!"; // Присваивание строки переменной message
const PI = 3.14; // Присваивание значения константе PI

				
			
Условные операторы

Условные операторы позволяют выполнять код в зависимости от условия.

				
					let age = 18;
if (age >= 18) {
    console.log("Вы совершеннолетний");
} else {
    console.log("Вы несовершеннолетний");
}

				
			
Циклы

Циклы позволяют повторять выполнение кода несколько раз.

				
					for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    console.log(i);
}

let count = 0;
while (count < 5) {
    console.log(count);
    count++;
}

				
			
Функции

Функции — это блоки кода, которые выполняют определенные задачи и могут быть вызваны по имени.

				
					function greet(name) {
    return "Привет, " + name + "!";
}

console.log(greet("Алиса"));

				
			
Выражения

Выражения — это комбинации переменных, значений и операторов, которые вычисляются и возвращают значение.

				
					let sum = 5 + 3; // Выражение, которое возвращает 8
let isAdult = age >= 18; // Выражение, которое возвращает true или false

				
			

Пример: Инструкции в действии

Создадим пример, где используем различные инструкции для выполнения простых задач.

HTML:

				
					<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Инструкции в JavaScript</title>
    <script>
        // Объявление переменных
        let name = "Алиса";
        const GREETING = "Привет, ";

        // Условный оператор
        if (name) {
            console.log(GREETING + name);
        } else {
            console.log("Имя не указано");
        }

        // Цикл
        for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            console.log("Сообщение номер " + (i + 1));
        }

        // Функция
        function multiply(a, b) {
            return a * b;
        }

        // Вызов функции
        console.log("Результат умножения: " + multiply(2, 3));
    </script>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Инструкции в JavaScript</h1>
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</html>

				
			

Распространённые ошибки

  • Пропущенная точка с запятой: В большинстве случаев точка с запятой не обязательна, но лучше её всегда ставить, чтобы избежать неожиданных ошибок.

				
					let message = "Привет, Мир!" // Неправильно
let message = "Привет, Мир!"; // Правильно

				
			
  • Неправильное использование условных операторов: Убедитесь, что условия в операторах if правильно заданы.
				
					let age = 18;
if (age = 18) { // Неправильно, используется присваивание вместо сравнения
    console.log("Вы совершеннолетний");
}

if (age == 18) { // Правильно
    console.log("Вы совершеннолетний");
}

				
			
  • Ошибки в циклах: Следите за правильным условием выхода из цикла, чтобы избежать бесконечных циклов.
				
					let count = 0;
while (count < 5) {
    console.log(count);
    // count++; // Неправильно, условие выхода не выполняется
}

while (count < 5) {
    console.log(count);
    count++; // Правильно
}

				
			

Заключение

Инструкции — это основной строительный блок программ на JavaScript. Понимание различных типов инструкций и их правильное использование поможет вам писать эффективный и правильный код. Не забывайте всегда проверять свой код на наличие распространённых ошибок.

Тестовое задание

  1. Создайте HTML-документ с подключенным внутренним скриптом, который объявляет переменные и присваивает им значения.
  2. Напишите условный оператор, который проверяет значение переменной и выводит сообщение в консоль в зависимости от результата проверки.
  3. Создайте цикл, который выводит числа от 1 до 5 в консоль.
  4. Напишите функцию divide(a, b), которая возвращает результат деления двух чисел, и вызовите её в коде, выведя результат в консоль.

Пример выполнения:

HTML:

				
					<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Инструкции в JavaScript</title>
    <script>
        // Объявление переменных и присваивание значений
        let number = 10;
        const divisor = 2;

        // Условный оператор
        if (number % divisor === 0) {
            console.log(number + " делится на " + divisor);
        } else {
            console.log(number + " не делится на " + divisor);
        }

        // Цикл
        for (let i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
            console.log(i);
        }

        // Функция для деления двух чисел
        function divide(a, b) {
            return a / b;
        }

        // Вызов функции деления
        console.log("Результат деления: " + divide(number, divisor));
    </script>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Инструкции в JavaScript</h1>
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