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15. Капитель

Капитель (или капитель / капитальное начертание) — это стиль текста, при котором первые буквы слова или предложения увеличены и могут быть стилизованы, чтобы выделяться на фоне остального текста. В CSS капитель можно создать с помощью свойства font-variant-caps.

Свойство font-variant-caps

font-variant-caps — это свойство CSS, которое позволяет управлять капителью и другими вариациями заглавных букв. Оно имеет несколько значений:

  • normal: Обычное начертание заглавных букв (по умолчанию).

				
					p {
    font-variant-caps: normal; /* Обычное начертание заглавных букв */
}

  • small-caps: Малые капители. Это стиль, при котором заглавные буквы отображаются как маленькие заглавные буквы.

				
					p {
    font-variant-caps: small-caps; /* Малые капители */
}

Малые капители выглядят как заглавные буквы, но меньшего размера, что создаёт визуальный контраст по сравнению с остальным текстом.

  • all-small-caps: Все буквы текста становятся малыми капителями, включая те, которые обычно написаны как строчные буквы.
				
					p {
    font-variant-caps: all-small-caps; /* Все буквы в виде малых капителей */
}
  • all-petite-caps: Все буквы текста становятся малыми капителями, но еще меньшего размера, чем при использовании small-caps.
				
					p {
    font-variant-caps: all-petite-caps; /* Все буквы в виде мелких капителей */
}
  • petite-caps: Петитные капители — это ещё меньшие заглавные буквы, используемые для создания ещё большего визуального контраста.
				
					p {
    font-variant-caps: petite-caps; /* Петитные капители */
}

Примеры использования капители

HTML-документ:

				
					<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <style>
        .normal-text {
            font-variant-caps: normal; /* Обычное начертание заглавных букв */
        }
        .small-caps-text {
            font-variant-caps: small-caps; /* Малые капители */
        }
        .all-small-caps-text {
            font-variant-caps: all-small-caps; /* Все буквы в виде малых капителей */
        }
        .petite-caps-text {
            font-variant-caps: petite-caps; /* Петитные капители */
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <p class="normal-text">Этот текст имеет обычное начертание заглавных букв.</p>
    <p class="small-caps-text">Этот текст имеет малые капители.</p>
    <p class="all-small-caps-text">Этот текст имеет все буквы в виде малых капителей.</p>
    <p class="petite-caps-text">Этот текст имеет петитные капители.</p>
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Комбинирование с другими стилями

Капитель можно использовать в сочетании с другими свойствами CSS для создания более выразительного дизайна. Например, можно комбинировать капитель с различными цветами, фонами и отступами.

				
					.capitalized-heading {
    font-variant-caps: small-caps; /* Малые капители */
    color: #333; /* Цвет текста */
    background-color: #f0f0f0; /* Цвет фона */
    padding: 10px; /* Отступы */
}

Пример:

				
					<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <style>
        .capitalized-heading {
            font-variant-caps: small-caps; /* Малые капители */
            color: #333; /* Цвет текста */
            background-color: #f0f0f0; /* Цвет фона */
            padding: 10px; /* Отступы */
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <h1 class="capitalized-heading">Это заголовок с малой капителью</h1>
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Распространённые ошибки

  1. Отсутствие поддержки: Некоторые старые браузеры могут не поддерживать font-variant-caps полностью. Убедитесь, что вы проверяете кроссбраузерность и рассматриваете использование полифиллов, если это необходимо.

  2. Чрезмерное использование: Переизбыток капитель в тексте может сделать его трудночитаемым. Используйте капитель с умом, чтобы не перегружать дизайн.

  3. Неоднозначные эффекты: Использование капители в сочетании с шрифтами, которые не поддерживают вариации капителей, может привести к неожиданным визуальным эффектам. Убедитесь, что ваш шрифт поддерживает нужные стили.

Заключение

Капитель в CSS помогает выделить текст и создать визуально интересный дизайн. Понимание различных значений свойства font-variant-caps позволяет применять капитель правильно и эффективно в веб-дизайне.

Тестовое задание

  1. Создайте HTML-документ с элементами <h1>, <h2>, <p>, и <span>.
  2. Примените различные значения свойства font-variant-caps к этим элементам.
  3. Экспериментируйте с комбинированием капители с другими CSS-свойствами, такими как color, background-color, padding, и другими, чтобы создать выразительный дизайн.

HTML-документ:

				
					<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <style>
        h1 {
            font-variant-caps: small-caps; /* Малые капители */
        }
        h2 {
            font-variant-caps: all-small-caps; /* Все буквы в виде малых капителей */
        }
        p {
            font-variant-caps: normal; /* Обычное начертание заглавных букв */
        }
        .petite-caps-text {
            font-variant-caps: petite-caps; /* Петитные капители */
            color: #555; /* Цвет текста */
            background-color: #e0e0e0; /* Цвет фона */
            padding: 8px; /* Отступы */
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Заголовок первого уровня (Малые капители)</h1>
    <h2>Заголовок второго уровня (Все буквы малые капители)</h2>
    <p>Это обычный текст.</p>
    <p class="petite-caps-text">Этот текст имеет петитные капители.</p>
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Выполнив это задание, вы получите практическое представление о том, как использовать капитель для создания выразительного и структурированного текста на веб-странице.
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